Journal: Food Chemistry: X

Article Title: Prebiotic property of tamarind seed kernel on Bifidobacterium animalis growth and biofilm formation

doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102180

Figure Lengend Snippet: The primary and the secondary derivative FTIR spectra of biofilm derived from a B. animalis single colony after tamarind seed kernel powder (RTS) treatment at concentrations of 1.25 % (Green), 2.5 % (Red), and 5 % (Blue) compared to the control group (Black) and inulin 2.5 % (Yellow) are illustrated, which remarkable distinct from the RTS FTIR spectrum (Pink) indicating the biomolecular compositions variation between the biofilm biological components of the biofilm and RTS powder. These are precisely investigated according to regions, including protein (Blue), fats (Orange), carbohydrates (Purple), and sugar (Pink). Protein regions (777–3283 cm −1 ) were majorly presented at assigned wavenumber range as amide A (3261–3283 cm −1 ), amide I (1647–1653 cm −1 ), amide II (1537–1546 cm −1 ), amide III (1301–1314 cm −1 ), and other proteins include such DNA/RNA/phosphorylated protein (1236–967 cm −1 ) and the vibration of tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylamine ring (777–869 cm −1 ). Fats regions were found in the vibration of the wavenumber range 1220–2957 cm −1 and 967–1236 cm −1 (phospholipids). Sugar regions (857–1079 cm −1 ) are defined as the β-glucan bonds, d -glucose, D-glucan, and the glycosidic linkage type of anomeric region. In addition, the carboxylic hydroxy moiety (OH band) is depicted at 3040–3090 cm −1 . (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Principal component analysis (PCA) of the FTIR data (Unscrambler 9.7; CAMO Software AS, Oslo, Norway) clearly distinguishes the biofilm from control, inulin (2.5 %), and RTS-treated groups ( A), PCA score plot with the principal component (PC)-1 (65 %, x-axis) and PC-2 (28 %, y-axis) accounting for 93 % of the data variability ( ).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Control

Journal: Food Chemistry: X

Article Title: Prebiotic property of tamarind seed kernel on Bifidobacterium animalis growth and biofilm formation

doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102180

Figure Lengend Snippet: Principal component analysis (PCA) score plot (A) of primary FTIR spectra of B. animalis ' biofilm resulted after treatment of tamarind seed kernel (RTS) at 1.25, 2.5, and 5 %, inulin 2.5 %, and untreated (control) group and correlation loading plots (B) of specific nutrition component wavenumbers of protein: amide A, amide I, amide II, and amide III (Blue), fats (Orange), carbohydrates (Purple), sugar (Pink), and carboxylic hydroxy (OH) (Green) bands that contribute to discrimination among the biofilm sample groups. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Principal component analysis (PCA) of the FTIR data (Unscrambler 9.7; CAMO Software AS, Oslo, Norway) clearly distinguishes the biofilm from control, inulin (2.5 %), and RTS-treated groups ( A), PCA score plot with the principal component (PC)-1 (65 %, x-axis) and PC-2 (28 %, y-axis) accounting for 93 % of the data variability ( ).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Food Chemistry: X

Article Title: Prebiotic property of tamarind seed kernel on Bifidobacterium animalis growth and biofilm formation

doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102180

Figure Lengend Snippet: The clustered bar graph illustrates the average area under the curve (AUC) index ( n = 6) (A) of FTIR absorption bands at specific wavelength numbers for each biological component functional group. This representation highlights the variation in biomolecular composition among the resultant biofilm in response to the RTS and inulin treatment compared to the control (untreated) group. The findings demonstrate statistical significance, indicated by p -values <0.05 for factors a, b, c, d, and e. In addition, Pearson's correlations (B) show the significant influence of RTS concentration on the biofilm biomolecular characteristics. The positive correlations were observed with the biofilm-forming index (BFI) and the area under the curve (AUC) of the amide A functional group of the protein is evidenced, while negative correlations with others are illustrated (AUC of amide I, amide II, amide III, fat1, fat2, fat3, and carboxylic hydroxy functional group of the biofilm FTIR absorption region) (* p-value <0.05, ** p-value <0.01).

Article Snippet: Principal component analysis (PCA) of the FTIR data (Unscrambler 9.7; CAMO Software AS, Oslo, Norway) clearly distinguishes the biofilm from control, inulin (2.5 %), and RTS-treated groups ( A), PCA score plot with the principal component (PC)-1 (65 %, x-axis) and PC-2 (28 %, y-axis) accounting for 93 % of the data variability ( ).

Techniques: Functional Assay, Control, Concentration Assay